氯化胆碱对烟草植株生长的促进效应

对烟草喷施不同浓度（０，５０，２００，３００，５００和１０００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）的氯化胆碱（ＣＣ）后，可提高烟草的株高，尤其对茎粗生长、叶数和叶面积等有明显的促进作用。ＣＣ对增强烟草苗期根系活力和提高苗期的抗寒性也有明显作用。其中以喷施２００和３００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１的ＣＣ者对烟草生长的促进效果最大。     

长期施肥黑土微生物区系及功能多样性的变化

Black soil （Mollisol） is one of the main soil types in northeastern China. Biolog and polymerase chain reactiondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） methods were used to examine the influence of various fertilizer combinations on the structure and function of the bacterial community in a black soil collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. Biolog results showed that substrate richness and catabolic diversity of the soil bacterial community were the greatest in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments. The metabolic ability of the bacterial community in the manure treatment was similar to the control. DGGE fingerprinting indicated similarity in the distribution of most 16S rDNA bands among all treatments, suggesting that microorganisms with those bands were stable and not influenced by fertilization. However, chemical fertilizer increased the diversity of soil bacterial community. Principal com- ponent analysis of Biolog and DGGE data revealed that the structure and function of the bacterial community were similar in the control and manure treatments, suggesting that the application of manure increased the soil microbial population, but had no effect on the bacterial community structure. Catabolic function was similar in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments, but the composition structure of the soil microbes differed between them. The use of chemical fertilizers could result in a decline in the catabolic activity of fast-growing or eutrophic bacteria.     

榆林沙区不同灌溉方式对春玉米生长及产量的影响

[目的]揭示膜下滴灌(MG)、露地滴灌(DG)、沟灌(GA)、交替隔沟灌(JG)、漫灌(CK)5种灌溉方式对春玉米生长和产量的影响,筛选出适合榆林沙区的最有效的节水灌溉方式,为农业高效节水灌溉技术发展提供理论支持。[方法]基于2014年田间试验数据,运用统计分析和水分生产率计算方法。[结果](1)MG处理的春玉米植株生长发育状况优于其他灌溉方式。在各生育期,MG处理的春玉米株高、茎粗和叶片SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)均高于DG,GA和JG,且显著高于CK(p0.05);(2)在整个生育期,MG处理的春玉米叶片光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率均高于其他灌溉方式,且显著高于CK(p0.05);(3)MG处理的春玉米增产节水效果显著,其产量和水分生产率均显著高于其他处理(p0.05)。[结论]同其他4种灌溉方式相比,膜下滴灌是榆林沙区玉米生产中最有效的一种节水灌溉方式。     

人工喂入式鲜食甜玉米籽粒切脱机的研制

该文介绍了一种采用在玉米籽粒根部切削方式将甜玉米果穗上的籽粒与玉米芯分离的机械设备的设计。该设备在籽粒切脱过程中刀片与玉米籽粒根部（玉米芯外缘）成弹性浮动接触，可随玉米果穗直径的不同而做自动调整，保证刀片刃部始终贴近玉米籽粒根部切削。特点是效率高、切粒质量好，适应甜玉米籽粒含水率在58%～75％范围内，既适合甜玉米籽粒切脱、也适合糯玉米籽粒切脱。满足了中国鲜食甜玉米深加工的需求。该设备采用刀片高速转动、玉米果穗直线运动旋划切削技术。经过对该设备设计、试制、试验结果表明，完全适合甜玉米切脱籽粒。     

麦/玉两熟区农作模式分析及轮耕模式探讨

从20世纪90年代初期起,以少/免耕为主体的耕作模式在麦/玉两熟区得到大面积推广应用。经过近15年的耕作栽培,少/免耕充分显示了它省时省工、高效环保的作用,但是与此同时一系列弊端也日益显露。对宁晋县百户农民耕作意愿调查的结果显示,在长期少/免耕后小麦产量和经济效益有所下降,而应在免耕3～5年以后对土壤进行深耕翻。对比麦/玉种植模式与马铃薯/棉花套作的经济效益,以轮作实现轮耕是麦/玉两熟区耕作模式发展方向。     

施工期水土流失估算及可靠性分析

水土流失是生态环境建设的主要问题。对深圳市福田河综合整治工程施工期可能产生的水土流失量进行了估算,并给出了可靠性估计,提出了相应的水土保持措施。将随机可靠性作为水土流失评价的一个方面做了初步的探讨。     

不同平茬周期柠条的燃烧特性及热值

柠条是西北地区水土保持,防风固沙造林中的重要灌木树种,可作为生物质燃料使用,但随林龄增加出现生长衰退,效益下降等问题。利用平茬技术可以提高柠条利用率,该文以宁夏盐池平茬1~5 a生柠条为研究对象,对其生长指标、工业分析、硫含量、热值和热重进行了分析。结果表明:1)经平茬后的柠条生长指标每年递增,但3 a以后增幅不大,选定平茬期为3 a的柠条株高、地径和分支数分别比6 a老龄林提高了16.67%、11.54%和160.00%,表明平茬技术有利于柠条生长。2)通过热值分析对1~5 a生柠条进行了比较,发现3~5 a生柠条发热量较好,但三者相差不多;考察了不同月份收割柠条的影响因素,研究表明10-12月柠条各项指标处于最优值。3)比较了柠条和煤的硫含量,分析表明柠条硫含量是烟煤的1/12倍,柠条作为燃料会大大减少硫化物的排放。4)工业分析和热重分析表明,柠条和煤产生的灰分作相比,柠条产生的灰分是烟煤的1/9倍,可减少颗粒物的排放,有利于环境保护。5)采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,柠条具有较低的活化能,有利于燃烧。综上所述,采用平茬期为3 a且每年10-12月生的柠条最适宜作为热电厂燃料。柠条作为发电燃料具有含硫量低,灰分少,对环境保护和减少可吸入颗粒物具有重要的意义。     

青狮潭水库太湖新银鱼生长特性的初步研究

对青狮潭水库太湖新银鱼的月龄生长进行全年连续采样分析 ,用 von Bertalanffy生长方程描述其生长特性 ,得到体长、体重关系式和生长方程 ,经 X2 检验显著服从 ( P<0 .0 5) ,并由此推导出体长和体重的生长速度方程及生长加速度方程。银鱼生长拐点在 4 .8月龄处。建议银鱼最适捕捞期为 1 1月     

玉米丸粒化种子的薄层干燥试验及其干燥模型

玉米丸粒化种子刚制成后其含水率比较大，必须及时干燥。其干燥工艺的合理选择对提高干燥效率，减少能耗，保证质量非常重要。采用正交试验的方法，对玉米丸粒化种子进行了3因素3水平的干燥试验，得出其干燥曲线为指数曲线，并分析各试验因素对干燥特性的影响。同时对不同风温下的干燥曲线进行了模型比较，采用多元线性回归分析程序，经拟合得出适合于玉米丸粒化种子的数学模型为Page模型。玉米丸粒化种子干燥特性不同于非丸粒化种子，丸粒化种子有其特定的薄层干燥方程。该模型能较好地预测各干燥阶段的干燥速率及含湿量，确定合理的干燥工艺以便调控干燥环境，达到高效低耗的目的。     

Pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa as a new threat for relict Mediterranean Scots pine forests under climatic warming

The wide distribution of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Europe includes two relict populations in southern Spain (Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Baza), belonging to the subspecies nevadensis. These populations are isolated in high mountains, which tends to protect them from the attack of a severe defoliating Mediterranean pest, the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa. However, as a consequence of climate change, the pine processionary caterpillar has increasingly attacked populations of this pine in recent years. This work describes the detrimental effects of defoliation by the pine processionary caterpillar in P. sylvestris subsp. nevadensis in Sierra Nevada. Defoliation strongly reduced pine growth as well as all the reproductive parameters measured (female and male cone production, mature cone size, seed production and seed weight), in addition to some deaths. If winter temperatures continue to increase, the pine processionary caterpillar will have a dangerous impact in these relict pine populations, by further reducing the pine's weak regeneration capacity. We suggest some mitigation actions based on managing habitat structure, in order to reduce or avoid such negative impacts.